Werner's coordination theory in 1893 was the first attempt to explain the bonding in coordination complexes. It must be remembered that this theory was put forward before the electron had been discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897, and before the electronic theory of valency. Werner did not have any of the modern instrumental techniques and all his studies were made using simple experimental techniques. Werner was able to explain the nature of bonding in complexes and he concluded that in complexes, the metal shows two different sorts of valency : primary and secondary. Primary valences are normally ionisable whereas secondary valences are non ionisable. Answer the following questions :

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CASE_STUDIESConductance of Electrolytic SolutionsCoordination Number in ComplexesWerner's Theory of Coordination CompoundsCBSE PYQ3 sub-questions

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Write the electronic configuration of d4 on the basis of crystal field splitting theory, if Δo < P.

TextCoordination Number in ComplexesCrystal Field Splitting in Octahedral ComplexesMagnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds are widely present in the minerals, plant and animal worlds and are known to play many important functions in the area of analytical chemistry, metallurgy, biological systems and medicine. Alfred Werner's theory postulated the use of two types of linkages (primary and secondary), by a metal atom/ion in a coordination compound. He predicted the geometrical shapes of a large number of coordination entities using the property of isomerism. The Valence Bond Theory (VBT) explains the formation, magnetic behaviour and geometrical shapes of coordination compounds. It, however, fails to describe the optical properties of these compounds. The Crystal Field Theory (CFT) explains the effect of different crystal fields (provided by the ligands taken as point charges) on the degeneracy of d-orbital energies of the central metal atom/ion.

CASE_STUDIESWerner's Theory of Coordination CompoundsValence Bond Theory for Coordination CompoundsCrystal Field Theory for Coordination Compounds