Explain why cation are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?

Question

TextTrends in Ionic Radius Across Periodic Table

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Which of the following species will have the largest and the smallest size? Mg, Mg2+, Al, Al3+.

What do you understand by isoelectronic species? Name a species that will be isoelectronic with each of the following atoms or ions.

Consider the following species : N3–, O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+

The size of isoelectronic species — F–, Ne and Na+ is affected by