Variation of pressure with depth P = Pa+ρgh Thus, the pressure P, at depth below the surface of a liquid open to the atmosphere is greater than atmospheric pressure by an amount ρgh. The excess of pressure, P - Pa, at depth h is called a gauge pressure at that point. The area of the cylinder is not appearing in the expression of absolute pressure. Thus, the height of the fluid column is important and not cross-sectional or base area or the shape of the container. The liquid pressure is the same at all points at the same horizontal level called as hydrostatic paradox. The flow of the fluid is said to be steady if at any given point, the velocity of each passing fluid particle remains constant in time. This does not mean that the velocity at different points in space is same. The velocity of a particular particle may change as it moves from one point to another. That is, at some other point the particle may have a different velocity, but every other particle which passes the second point behaves exactly as the previous particle that has just passed that point. Each particle follows a smooth path, and the paths of the particles do not cross each other. The path taken by a fluid particle under a steady flow is a streamline. It is defined as a curve whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the fluid velocity at that point. For steady flow equation of continuity hold good and it is a statement of conservation of mass in flow of incompressible fluids.

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CASE_STUDIESPressure Due to a Fluid ColumnStreamline and Turbulent Flow in FluidsCritical Velocity in Fluid Flow4 sub-questions