Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen only, obtained from coal and petroleum mainly which are major sources of energy. Hydrocarbons are classified as open chain, saturated (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes), cyclic (alicyclic) and aromatic based on structure. Alkanes show conformational isomerism due to free rotation along C-C bond leading to staggered and eclipsed conformations of ethane. The repulsive interaction between the electron clouds, which affects stability of a conformation, is called torsional strain. Magnitude of torsional strain depends upon the angle of rotation about C–C bond. This angle is also called dihedral angle or torsional angle. Of all the conformations of ethane, the staggered form has the least torsional strain and the eclipsed form, the maximum torsional strain. Alkenes show geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism due to restricted rotation around carbon-carbon double bond.

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CASE_STUDIESClassification of HydrocarbonsAlkanes: Nomenclature, Isomerism and ConformationsAlkenes: Nomenclature, Structure of Double Bond and Geometrical Isomerism4 sub-questions

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