Question

Give reasons for any 3 of the following observations :

Carbohydrates are the major components of all living organisms. Sugars are carbohydrates. The major types of sugars include monosaccharides and disaccharides. The main difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides is that monosaccharides are monomer of sugars and disaccharides are composed of two monomers, whereas polysaccharides are composed of a large number of monomers. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules which act as the building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides. Disaccharides are also simple sugars. Disaccharides are classified into two groups according to their reducing strength : Reducing and Non-reducing sugars. When a polymer is formed from a monomer, a condensation reaction occurs that forms a glycosidic bond and water molecule is lost. Starch, glycogen and cellulose are examples of polysaccharides. Starch is found in many parts of plant cell and consists of amylose and amylopectin. Glycogen is the major carbohydrate storage product found in humans. It is present in liver, muscles and brain. Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth. It makes up around 50% of all organic carbon. Answer the following questions :

Vitamin B₁₂ is also called :

Living systems are made up of various complex biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, etc. Carbohydrates are optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or molecules which provide such units on hydrolysis. They are broadly classified into three groups — monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are held together by glycosidic linkages to form disaccharides like sucrose, maltose or polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Another biomolecule : proteins are polymers of α-amino acids which are linked by peptide bonds. Ten amino acids are called essential amino acids. Structure and shape of proteins can be studied at four different levels i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, each level being more complex than the previous one. Answer the following questions :